Brain Injury Medicine — Specialty Profile

Exploratory, not prescriptive. This profile blends hard data (pay, match rates, burnout, demographics, each sourced and dated) with generalizations and synthesized opinion about culture and "who fits." It's here to help you get curious and go find out for yourself, not to tell you who to become. Numbers marked ⟳ verify change every year; check the linked source before you quote one. Last reviewed: 2026-08-04.

Also called: BIM, TBI rehabilitation, brain injury rehabilitation. A 12-month ACGME-accredited fellowship entered after a PM&R residency, or after neurology or psychiatry. Organ system: the brain, after something has damaged it and the acute phase is over.

Subspecialty fellowship of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, also entered from Neurology and Psychiatry.

The 30-second version

Brain injury medicine is what happens after neurosurgery and neurocritical care have finished, and it is the specialty that decides how much of a person comes back. A patient who survives a traumatic brain injury, an anoxic injury after cardiac arrest, or a severe stroke arrives in rehabilitation with some combination of impaired consciousness, cognition, behavior, movement, and swallowing, and the job is to lead a team through months of recovery toward whatever independence is achievable. The clinical range is wider than most people expect: at one end, disorders of consciousness, where the question is whether a person who cannot respond is aware, and at the other, a concussed adolescent who needs a graded return to school. The least-discussed population is neither military nor athletic but elderly, since falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States and adults 55 and older are hospitalized for it at the highest rate of any age group.¹ The field also has a genuine board, co-sponsored across three specialties, and the practice pathway that once allowed certification without a fellowship closed after 2022. The trade at the center of the field: leading the recovery of people at their most changed, in a subspecialty held by fewer than 5% of physiatrists.

Quick dashboard (details and sources below)


Training after med school	5 years (4 yr PM&R residency + 1 yr brain injury medicine fellowship)
Total from college start	~13 years (4 undergrad + 4 med school + 4 residency + 1 fellowship)
Training chain	Med school (4) → PM&R (4), or Neurology or Psychiatry → 12-month ACGME BIM fellowship → ABPMR or ABPN certificate
Competitiveness	Low. 30 positions offered and 19 filled (63.3%) in the 2026 NRMP match; held by 4.8% of ABPMR diplomates on data through 2019 ⟳
Typical full-time pay	No BIM survey line. Parent PM&R runs ~$360,000–$390,000, with inpatient rehabilitation at ~$260,000–$370,000 ⟳
Pay vs. parent (general PM&R)	At or below, since the practice sits on the inpatient-rehabilitation side rather than the interventional-pain side ⟳
Lifestyle	Inpatient rehabilitation and clinic, daytime, with limited call ⟳
Burnout	No subspecialty figure; parent PM&R is in the low-to-mid 40s%, lower-to-middle tier ⟳
% women	No published subspecialty figure; parent PM&R is 36.8% of residents (AY2024-25), with no current AAMC row for the practicing workforce ⟳
DO / IMG accessibility	Excellent. PM&R is among the most DO-friendly fields (~38–39% DO, ~6–8% IMG of matched positions) ⟳

What they actually do

Inpatient rehabilitation after severe brain injury is the core. A patient transfers from neurocritical care to a rehabilitation unit and the brain injury physician leads a team of therapists, neuropsychology, nursing, and social work through a program aimed at function. Medical management continues alongside: seizure prophylaxis, autonomic dysfunction, hydrocephalus, neuroendocrine failure that follows pituitary injury, and the agitation that accompanies emergence from coma.

Disorders of consciousness are the field's most demanding territory. Distinguishing coma from a vegetative state from a minimally conscious state is a diagnostic problem with enormous stakes, done with standardized behavioral assessment and increasingly with imaging and electrophysiology. Misclassification is common and consequential, since a person judged unaware may in fact be aware, and families are making decisions on the answer.

Spasticity management is the field's main procedural practice: botulinum toxin injection, phenol neurolysis, and intrathecal baclofen pump management, all aimed at making a limb positionable, hygienic, and usable.

Cognitive and behavioral sequelae run through everything: memory and executive dysfunction, disinhibition, apathy, post-traumatic agitation, depression, and the personality change that families frequently find harder than the physical disability.

Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury is the outpatient end, covering graded return to school, work, and sport, persistent post-concussive symptoms, and the vestibular and visual dysfunction that often drives them.

The populations are more varied than the public conversation suggests. Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States, accounting for 49.1% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 47.9% of emergency department visits, and adults 55 and older carry the highest hospitalization rate of any age group.¹ Military and veteran blast injury and athletic concussion are the visible populations; the surveillance data points at older adults falling. How that distributes across individual practices is not published.

Representative work: inpatient rehabilitation leadership after severe brain injury · standardized assessment of disorders of consciousness · spasticity management with botulinum toxin, phenol, and intrathecal baclofen · post-traumatic agitation and neurobehavioral management · neuroendocrine screening and management after injury · post-traumatic epilepsy management · concussion evaluation and graded return-to-activity protocols · cognitive rehabilitation coordination with neuropsychology · prognostication and family counseling · long-term follow-up and community reintegration.²

A day in the life: rounds and clinic. The inpatient side is a rehabilitation unit where the physician leads daily team rounds, adjusts medication, manages complications, and runs weekly family conferences. The outpatient side is a clinic mixing concussion follow-up, spasticity injection sessions, and long-term brain injury survivors returning for years. Family meetings are a scheduled and substantial part of the week, because prognosis and goals are the field's central conversation.

On call: limited. Rehabilitation units generate medical issues rather than emergencies, and the acute phase is handled elsewhere. This is among the more controllable acute-adjacent practices in medicine.

The training path & time to completion

Medical school (4 yrs) → PM&R residency (PGY-1 intern year + 3 years), or a neurology or psychiatry residency → 12-month ACGME-accredited brain injury medicine fellowship → subspecialty certification.²³

The fellowship is 12 months and ACGME-accredited.
The practice pathway is closed. For examination administrations after 2022, all applicants must complete 12 months of ACGME-accredited fellowship after residency. Physicians who certified before that could qualify through practice experience, which is why a portion of the current workforce holds the certificate without having done a fellowship.³ ⟳
The certificate is co-sponsored across specialties. ABPMR offers brain injury medicine certification, and so does the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, so physiatrists, neurologists, and psychiatrists all reach the same subspecialty.³⁴
Total from the start of college: about 13 years.

The closure of the practice pathway matters, because it changed the field's shape. Across PM&R's subspecialties, the average number of new certificates added each year was higher before practice-track eligibility ended than after, and recertification rates were higher among fellowship-trained physicians than among those who grandfathered in.⁵ A closed pathway raises the credential's meaning and shrinks the pipeline at the same time.

How competitive is it?

This is a small subspecialty and it is not competitive. The match table says so directly. For the 2026 appointment year, 25 programs offered 30 positions and filled 19 of them, 63.3%, against 22 applicants. Ten of the 25 programs finished with at least one empty seat, and 19 of the 22 applicants matched.⁶ ⟳

Brain injury medicine is held by 4.8% of ABPMR diplomates, on data through 2019, third among PM&R subspecialties behind pain medicine at 15.5% and sports medicine at 6.6%.⁵ ⟳
Only 31.2% of ABPMR diplomates hold any subspecialty certificate at all, so subspecialization is a minority path in PM&R generally.⁵ ⟳
The upstream residency is moderately competitive and fills close to completely, while remaining among the most DO-accessible fields in medicine.⁷
The pipeline shrank when the practice pathway closed, which means fewer new certificates and a workforce that is not replacing itself quickly.⁵

The honest read. If you want this, you can have it. The field's constraint is interest rather than capacity, and the compensation structure is the usual explanation.

Board: ABPMR or ABPN subspecialty certification in brain injury medicine, requiring a 12-month ACGME fellowship for examinations after 2022.³⁴

Compensation — the robust version

No compensation survey isolates brain injury medicine. This reasons from the parent field, whose internal structure is unusually informative.

The parent anchor, and the fork inside it. PM&R runs roughly $360,000–$390,000 total compensation nationally, but the parent profile identifies a genuine fork: inpatient rehabilitation at roughly $260,000–$370,000 against interventional pain and spine at roughly $400,000–$700,000 and above.⁷ A within-specialty spread that wide is unusual anywhere in medicine, and the two bars in the figure below carry the point without needing a superlative. ⟳

Brain injury medicine sits on the inpatient side of that fork, which is the whole compensation story. The practice is rehabilitation unit leadership, cognitive and behavioral management, family conferences, and spasticity injections, and none of that generates the procedural volume that interventional pain does. A physiatrist who subspecializes in brain injury is choosing the lower-paying half of their own specialty.

Two things partly offset it. Spasticity management with botulinum toxin and intrathecal baclofen is genuinely procedural and reimbursed as such, and a busy spasticity practice improves the picture meaningfully. And medical directorship of a brain injury rehabilitation program carries a stipend, which the fellowship qualifies you for.

The comparison that matters is against pain medicine, because it is reached from the same residency, is the most common PM&R subspecialty at 15.5% of diplomates, and pays substantially more.⁵⁷ Anyone choosing brain injury medicine is choosing against that, and should do so knowingly.

Limited-data caveat: no MGMA, Doximity, or Medscape line for brain injury medicine was located, and the positioning is a structural inference from the parent field's documented inpatient-versus-interventional fork. Benchmark against inpatient rehabilitation salary scales and ask specifically about the spasticity practice and any directorship stipend. ⟳

Lifestyle

Among the most controllable practices in medicine, which the parent profile identifies as PM&R's defining advantage: mostly daytime with limited call.⁷
Inpatient rehabilitation runs on a weekday rhythm. Team rounds, therapy schedules, and family conferences are all scheduled, and the unit does not generate overnight emergencies the way an acute service does.
Spasticity clinics are scheduled procedural blocks, which adds variety without unpredictability.
The pace is deliberate. Recovery happens over months, so the work is longitudinal rather than urgent, which suits some temperaments and frustrates others.
Geographic flexibility is moderate. Freestanding rehabilitation hospitals and hospital rehabilitation units exist in most metropolitan areas, though dedicated brain injury programs concentrate at larger centers.

Lifestyle rating: 4/5. Daytime, low-call, and predictable, deducted for the emotional intensity of the work rather than for any schedule burden.

Wellbeing — the part to take seriously

No brain-injury-medicine-specific wellbeing data exists. Inherit PM&R at the low-to-mid 40s%, lower-to-middle tier among specialties.⁷ ⟳

The distinctive weight is prognostic uncertainty carried in front of families. Early after a severe brain injury, nobody can say reliably how much function will return, and families are asking, and sometimes deciding about continued treatment on the answer. Living inside that uncertainty, repeatedly, while remaining honest about it, is the hardest part of the job and the thing practitioners name first.

The identity change is what families struggle with most. A patient may recover the ability to walk and never recover the person they were, and the physician is the one explaining that a husband or a daughter is now someone different. Physical disability is easier to describe and easier to accept than personality change.

The compensating satisfaction is measured in months and it is real. Patients who arrive unable to speak or move leave walking and communicating, and the physiatrist saw the whole arc. Practitioners describe the longitudinal relationship, sometimes lasting years, as the reason they chose rehabilitation over acute care.

The disorders-of-consciousness work carries a particular ethical weight. Diagnostic error in this area is well documented, the stakes are life-and-death, and the field has invested heavily in standardized assessment precisely because bedside impression is unreliable.

Career longevity is excellent. No physical demands, limited call, and expertise that accumulates rather than degrades.

Who's in the field (demographics)

No published brain-injury-medicine-specific demographic data was located beyond certification prevalence. Inherit PM&R.

Certification prevalence: 4.8% of ABPMR diplomates, on data through 2019, against pain medicine at 15.5% and sports medicine at 6.6%.⁵ ⟳
Women: women are 36.8% of PM&R residents in AY2024-25. AAMC's current workforce release carries no PM&R row, so there is no published practicing figure to set beside it, and the ~38% this page used to give was inherited rather than sourced.⁷ ⟳
DO: PM&R is among the most DO-friendly fields in medicine, at roughly 38–39% of matched positions, and the fellowship adds no meaningful additional filter.⁷ ⟳
IMG: roughly 6–8% of matched PM&R positions.⁷ ⟳
Underrepresented in medicine: no subspecialty figure. Traumatic brain injury incidence and outcomes are worse among people with less access to rehabilitation, and rehabilitation intensity is strongly tied to insurance status. ⟳

Culture, personality & the online stereotypes

Who gravitates here: PM&R residents who found the brain injury unit the most interesting rotation and were not put off by the pace. The field draws people who want longitudinal relationships, who are comfortable leading teams rather than working alone, and who can hold uncertainty without needing to resolve it. It also attracts neurologists and psychiatrists who wanted function rather than diagnosis. As always, plenty of people in the field do not fit any single mold.

The stereotypes. Community perception rather than fact, each with a kernel and an unfair edge:

"You took the low-paying fork." Accurate on the numbers, and the field answers with the work rather than disputing it.
"It is all football players and veterans." The public conversation's version, and wrong. Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury, and adults 55 and older are hospitalized for it more than any other age group.¹
"Nobody knows if these patients are aware." Uncomfortably close to the truth for disorders of consciousness, and precisely why the field built standardized assessment tools.
"A board that arrived and then closed its own back door." Fair. Certification became available with a practice pathway, and that pathway closed after 2022, so the field now contains both fellowship-trained and grandfathered diplomates.³

What people say online (synthesized and paraphrased, not quotes): across trainee and physician forums, brain injury medicine reads as respected work chosen against the financial grain. The dominant recurring theme is the pain medicine comparison, discussed openly, with posters noting that the same residency leads to a subspecialty paying substantially more and that anyone choosing brain injury is doing so for the content. A second thread is the spasticity practice, recommended as the way to make the economics work and as genuinely enjoyable procedural work. A third is the emotional load, discussed seriously, with family conferences and prognostic conversations named as the hardest part. A fourth is the multi-entry structure, with some discussion of how neurology-trained and PM&R-trained brain injury physicians differ in emphasis. The tone is warm and clear-eyed about the trade.

Voices from the field. Paraphrased from published sources, with links to the originals:

ABPMR reports that as of the end of 2019, 11,421 US diplomates held 3,985 active subspecialty certificates across 3,560 individuals, or 31.2% of all diplomates, with brain injury medicine at 4.8%, behind pain medicine at 15.5% and sports medicine at 6.6%; the average number of new certificates added annually was higher before practice-track eligibility ended than after, and fellowship-trained candidates recertified at higher rates than those who grandfathered through practice pathways.⁵
For brain injury medicine examinations after 2022, all applicants must complete 12 months of ACGME-accredited fellowship after residency, closing the practice pathway.³

Why people choose it / why people leave

Why choose it: leading the recovery of people at their most changed, over months rather than minutes · disorders of consciousness, which is among the most intellectually and ethically serious diagnostic problems in medicine · a genuine ABMS subspecialty certificate, co-sponsored across three specialties · spasticity management as satisfying procedural work · a controllable, daytime, low-call practice · one of the most DO-accessible routes in medicine · longitudinal relationships lasting years.

Why leave or avoid it: the inpatient side of PM&R's compensation fork, well below the interventional pain alternative reached from the same residency · prognostic uncertainty delivered to families repeatedly · personality change that families find harder than disability · a small subspecialty held by fewer than 5% of physiatrists · a pipeline that shrank when the practice pathway closed.

Best fit if: you want longitudinal recovery work rather than acute care · you are comfortable leading a multidisciplinary team · you can hold uncertainty honestly in front of frightened families · you want a controllable schedule · the brain interests you functionally rather than diagnostically.

Not for you if: you want PM&R's income ceiling, which is in interventional pain · slow recovery arcs would frustrate you · repeated difficult family conversations would erode you · you want acute, decisive medicine.

The FLI angle — Brain injury medicine for first-gen, low-income & immigrant students

Where it fits FLI realities well:

PM&R is among the most accessible specialties in medicine, at roughly 38–39% DO and 6–8% IMG of matched positions, and this fellowship is undersubscribed.⁷ For a student facing closed doors elsewhere, this is one of the genuinely open routes to a boarded subspecialty.
PSLF fits well. Rehabilitation units and brain injury programs are largely hospital-based and frequently nonprofit, and four residency years plus a fellowship year count toward the 120 payments. Given the compensation, that matters.
The lifestyle is genuinely sustainable, daytime and low-call, which is worth a great deal if you are carrying family responsibilities alongside a career.
The income remains solid in absolute terms, at a parent-field range of $360,000–$390,000.⁷
The patients are frequently underserved. Rehabilitation intensity tracks insurance status closely, and brain injury outcomes are worse for people with less access. A physician who understands that from the inside is doing something the field needs.

Risks to name honestly:

You are choosing the low-paying fork of your own specialty, and the gap is large. Inpatient rehabilitation at $260,000–$370,000 against interventional pain at $400,000–$700,000 and above, from the same residency.⁷ Over a career that is a very large number. It does not make the choice wrong; it makes it a choice that has to be made with the arithmetic visible. Read it alongside the Money section on debt and specialty choice.
Build the spasticity practice deliberately. It is the procedural component that improves the economics, and it is easier to negotiate into a job at the start than to add later.
The emotional load is real and it compounds with outside stress. Repeated prognostic conversations with families in crisis is a genuine occupational exposure.
Dedicated brain injury programs concentrate at larger centers, so geography is somewhat constrained relative to general PM&R.

Bottom line for FLI: one of the most open doors in medicine leading to a boarded subspecialty with a sustainable life and work that genuinely changes what a person recovers. What you pay is the difference between the two halves of PM&R's pay fork, and that difference is large enough to model rather than assume. If the work draws you, negotiate for spasticity volume and plan on PSLF.

Fun facts

Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States, at 49.1% of hospitalizations, and adults 55 and older are hospitalized for it at the highest rate of any age group. The population behind this field is older than the public conversation about it.¹
Distinguishing a vegetative from a minimally conscious state is a formal diagnostic exercise with standardized instruments, because bedside impression is documented to be unreliable.
The back door closed in 2022. Certification now requires a 12-month ACGME fellowship, where a practice pathway previously allowed experienced physicians to certify without one.³
Two boards, three specialties. ABPMR and ABPN both certify brain injury medicine, and because ABPN covers neurology and psychiatry between them, physiatrists, neurologists and psychiatrists all reach the same credential.³
Fewer than 5% of physiatrists hold it, and only 31.2% hold any subspecialty certificate at all.⁵
The brain can recover function without recovering the person, which is the distinction families find hardest and the one this field explains most often.

Sources

The epidemiology behind the field's central reframing. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Traumatic Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress, National Academies Press, 2022, reporting CDC surveillance: "The leading causes of TBI hospitalization were falls (49.1 percent) and motor vehicle crashes (24.5 percent)"; "The leading mechanisms for TBI in ED patients were falls (47.9 percent)"; and "In 2016 and 2017, adults aged ≥55 had the highest rate of TBI-related hospitalization in the United States." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580076/ Added 2026-08-17: this page's central reframing appeared four times, in the 30-second version, What they actually do, the stereotype rebuttal and Fun facts, and carried no citation in any of them. The falls half is straightforwardly sourced and now is. The second half, that geriatric brain injury is the largest share of most practices, is a claim about the composition of other physicians' panels, and no publisher for it was found, so it has been narrowed to what the surveillance data supports. ⟳ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Clinical scope and fellowship content — inpatient rehabilitation after severe brain injury, disorders of consciousness assessment, spasticity management, post-traumatic agitation and neurobehavioral care, neuroendocrine and epilepsy management, concussion and return-to-activity protocols, and long-term community reintegration. Composite of published US brain injury medicine fellowship curricula and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation fellowship materials (https://www.aapmr.org/docs/default-source/career-center/fellowship/roadmap-to-a-fellowship_2023.pdf), accessed 2026. ↩ ↩²
Certification requirements. American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation — Brain Injury Medicine: for BIM examination administrations after 2022, all applicants must successfully complete 12 months of an ACGME-accredited fellowship in brain injury medicine after residency. https://www.abpmr.org/Subspecialties/BIM (accessed 2026). The second certifying board is the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, https://abpn.org/become-certified/taking-a-subspecialty-exam/brain-injury-medicine/ (accessed 2026). Corrected 2026-08-17: a Fun fact was headlined "Three boards, one subspecialty" and then named two in its own next clause. There are two certifying boards; ABPN is a single board covering both neurology and psychiatry, which is how two boards reach three specialties. The rest of this page already has it right, at "co-sponsored across three specialties." ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸
The co-sponsored certificate. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology also offers subspecialty certification in brain injury medicine, so the subspecialty is reachable from neurology and psychiatry as well as from PM&R. https://abpn.org/become-certified/taking-a-subspecialty-exam/brain-injury-medicine/ (accessed 2026). ⟳ ↩ ↩²
Subspecialty prevalence and trends. American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, "Current Status and Trends in Subspecialty Certification in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation," data through December 31, 2019 — 11,421 US ABPMR diplomates held 3,985 active subspecialty certificates across 3,560 individuals, 31.2% of all diplomates; pain medicine 15.5%, sports medicine 6.6%, brain injury medicine 4.8%, spinal cord injury medicine 4.2%, pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2.5%, neuromuscular medicine 0.7%, hospice and palliative medicine 0.5%; the average number of new certificates added annually for every subspecialty was higher before temporary practice-track eligibility ended than after, significantly so for SCIM, pain medicine, sports medicine, and neuromuscular medicine (P < .05); overall recertification rate 73.4%, higher among fellowship-trained than practice-pathway candidates; pain medicine and sports medicine the most frequent dual-certification pairing. https://www.abpmr.org/Research/Detail/published-subspecialty-certification-trends ⟳ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸
Match data. National Resident Matching Program, Results and Data: Specialties Matching Service 2026 Appointment Year, February 2026, Table 1A — brain injury medicine: 25 programs, 30 positions offered, 19 filled (63.3%), 22 applicants of whom 19 matched, 10 programs left with at least one unfilled position. The fellowship runs in the NRMP's Rehabilitation Medicine Match. Fill has moved around year to year rather than trending: 81.5% for 2022, 62.1% for 2023, 83.9% for 2024, 71.4% for 2025, 63.3% for 2026. https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/SMS_Results_and_Data_Report2026.pdf (2026). Correction, 2026-08-13: this page previously described competitiveness only through the 2019 certification-prevalence figure and carried no match data, although NRMP has published a row for brain injury medicine every year. ⟳ ↩
Parent-field figures. PM&R typical comp ~$360k–$390k nationally, with a documented fork between inpatient rehabilitation at ~$260k–$370k and interventional pain and spine at ~$400k–$700k+; 4 years of training (PGY-1 intern year + 3 years PM&R) and ~12 years from the start of college; moderate competitiveness filling near 100%; burnout in the low-to-mid 40s%, lower-to-middle tier; 36.8% women among residents; ~38–39% DO and ~6–8% IMG of matched positions, among the most DO-friendly fields in medicine; among medicine's most controllable lifestyles, mostly daytime with limited call. Comp and training figures from the PM&R profile on this site. Burnout: Medscape Physician Burnout & Depression Report 2024 (n=9,226, fielded July–October 2023) puts PM&R at 46% against a 49% all-physician average, at the top of the low-to-mid-40s range given here. The primary report is paywalled and returns HTTP 402, so the row comes from two independent relays that agree with each other: Healthgrades Pro (https://resources.healthgrades.com/pro/the-most-and-least-burned-out-physicians-by-specialty) and Advisory Board (https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2024/01/31/physician-burnout). Fill, DO and IMG shares: NRMP, Results and Data: 2026 Main Residency Match, May 2026, Table 2, https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Main_Match_Results_and_Data-2026.pdf — PM&R offered 334 PGY-2 positions, filled all of them, and filled 38.3% with DOs and 7.5% with IMGs, matching the figures given here. Women in residency, 36.8%: ACGME, Data Resource Book, Academic Year 2024-2025, Table C.21, https://www.acgme.org/globalassets/pfassets/publicationsbooks/2024-2025_acgme_databook_document.pdf. Corrected 2026-08-13: this page carried "~38% practicing and higher among residents," and the resident share is in fact lower, so the comparison ran backwards. The ~38% practicing figure has been dropped rather than restated, because AAMC's current release carries no PM&R row and nothing citable stands behind it. Table C.21 lists no brain injury medicine row either, so the subspecialty figure remains unpublished. ⟳ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

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